Kidney transplant Source Procedure Compatibility

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Kidney transplant is a surgery of replacing the malfunction kidney to new kidney from the compatible donor.

Kidney transplant sources 

Kidney transplant procedure

There are two types of kidney transplant sources

  • The deceased donor:- Kidney received from the death person is called deceased kidney donor.  It can be use because heart is active for some-time after death, that maintain blood flow to kidney. In this time kidney transplant surgery is performed.

  • Living donor:- The living donor in this, the kidney is transplant from donor who is alive. Living donor may be genetically related or  genetically unrelated with the patient. The genetically related indicate that the kidney is taken from the family member. The genetically un-related is a person who is not related with patients any way.


Kidney transplant procedure

Procedure of kidney transplant


Before going to the surgery, the patient is undergone complete anaesthesia. Thereafter, the kidney should be ready for the transplant. 
The kidney transplant procedure is done in two phases the first is connect the blood vessels and second is to connect the ureter to the bladder. 
The recipients blood vessel is then connect with the kidney. The artery and vein initiate the blood supply in donor kidney. 
Now, the ureter is anastomosed with the kidney and bladder. 
After the kidney placed in the abdomen (connecting arteries, veins & the ureter) the kidney transplant surgery will take place. 
After successful kidney transplant, it takes two to three days for kidneys to function normal.


Indications 

The kidney transplantation is indicated in chronic kidney failure and severe damage to kidney.

Indications are,

  • Chronic kidney failure 
  • Nephrotic syndrome 
  • Glomerulonephritis 
  • Polycystic kidney disease 
  • Hypertension 
  • Trauma to kidney 
  • Chronic bacterial infection 
  • Autoimmune disease 

Why kidney transplantation is done?

The kidney transplant is often a last stage treatment for chronic kidney failure. It is the permanent treatment for the damaged kidney.



Compatibility

The following table shows the compatible blood match for transplant.
Kidney transplant procedure

Kidney transplant is performed only when the blood group of the donor and recipient is match. When the blood group is matched it is referred as histocompatibility.


  • ABO blood group matching:- The patients blood group should be compatible with the recipients blood group. When the incompatible blood group transplant is done, there will be sudden immune reaction occurs. The reaction is life-threatening to death.

  • Human leukocyte antigen test:- HLA test is done to check the cell compatibility between donor and recipient body. In every cells, there are few HLA markers are present. This markers-proteins helps immune system to distinguish self and foreign cells.

  • Cross match:- In this test, the blood samples of the patient & the donor is cross checked, to evaluate adverse reaction. In the cross match of blood, it is clear that both blood will not have any adverse reactions.

Recipients kidney is not affected by,

  • Hypertension
  • Diabetic mellitus 
  • Chronic cardiovascular and urinary disorders 
  • Hepatitis 
  • Mental illness 
  • Infection 
  • AIDS 

After the surgery 

After the surgery the patient is kept under the supervision. In this physician assess the normal function of the kidney and give the education on nutrition, diet and exercise.

  • Hospitalization and follow up :- The kidney transplant patient should be supervise for few weeks to the months, as per the condition of the patient. The patient can be at home and should revisit the hospital for follow up and check ups.

  • Diet & excercise:- A complete avoidance of the alcohol, meat and hard food that are hard to digest and absorb.

  • Immunosuppressant drugs:- This drug decrease the immune reaction against the kidney after few weeks of transplant. The immunosuppressants may a lifelong treatment to the patient.

Contraindications

Kidney transplant is contraindicate in, 
  1. Kidney diseases 
  2. Chronic infection 
  3. Cardiac and pulmonary disorders 
  4. Cancer 
  5. Overweight ir obesity 
  6. Mental ilness 
  7. Substance abuse 
  8. HiIV/ AIDS 

In addition to all above conditions a person should be healthy and not having bad habits like tobacco chewing. It is contraindicating factor for kidney transplant.

Complications

Post-operative complications are, 
  1. Bleeding 
  2. Infection 
  3. Thrombosis 
  4. Urinary disturbances 

Transplant rejection 

Infection during surgery

Disturbed kidney function 


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