Medical Study

Urine Formation Urine formation is a process by which waste product is excrete from the blood to produce urine. Urine consist of 95% water, 5% of waste product such as creatinine, ammonia, uric acid, and other electrolytes as sodium, potassium, calcium etc. Kidney receive an average of 20% of cardiac output from heart. Oligouria is define as low urine formation less than 400 ml per day, anuria is define as urine formation less than 100 ml per day. Polyuria is defined as the formation of excess urine usually greater than 2.5 L/ day. Urine formation occur in nephron See:  Structure of nephron  is consist of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and loop of henle. There are three stages through which urine is formed, Glomerular Filtration  Tubular Reabsorption  Tubular Secretion  Glomerular Filtration Glomerular filtration is the process of filtration of blood in glomerulus. In the glomerulus, 90% of water is re...

Kidney failure is also known as end stage kidney disease. It occurs when kidney is no longer able to filter waste product from blood & not able to perform other function such as urine formation, maintain level of fluid. Kidney failure can arise suddenly or gradually, patient need an transplant and dialysis to sustain kidney function. Kidney failure occurs in 2 ways, Acute kidney failure  Acute kidney failure refers as sudden decrease in function of kidney. Chronic kidney failure  Chronic kidney failure refer as long term failure of kidney function caused by infection, urinary disorders, cardiovascular diseases. Kidney Failure Cause  Most common causes of kidney failure are diabetic mellitus and high blood pressure.  Aged person Person with advance age more than 65 year are more prone to kidney failure. It is due overaged, metabolism and decreased organ function. Infection (Sepsis) Any infection (bacterial, vi...

Nephrotic syndrome is collection of symptom arise due to kidney glomeruli inflammation. In nephrotic syndrome, inflammation of glomerulus occur after that glomerulus become extra permeable to substances such as protein, lipid and fluids. It is also called as proteinuria, hyperlipidemia. It causes swelling, fluid retention which further obstruct the normal kidney function. Nephrotic syndrome symptoms are protein loss in urine (proteinuria), loss of lipid in urine, foammy urine, increased fatigue and weakness, fluid retention and swellin in leg. It is caused by inflammation of glomeruli caused due to infection to glomerulus such as bacteria, viruses. It also occur due to trauma, injury, to kidney, over load on kidney etc. It can result in deep vein thrombosis, acute kidney failure and hypertension.  Causes  The primary cause of nephrotic syndrome is inflammation of glomeruli. It occur as bacterial infection and trauma to kidney. In nephrotic syndrome, infla...

Kidney transplant is a surgery of replacing the malfunction kidney to new kidney from the compatible donor. Kidney transplant sources  There are two types of kidney transplant sources The deceased donor:- Kidney received from the death person is called deceased kidney donor.  It can be use because heart is active for some-time after death, that maintain blood flow to kidney. In this time kidney transplant surgery is performed. Living donor:- The living donor in this, the kidney is transplant from donor who is alive. Living donor may be genetically related or  genetically unrelated with the patient. The genetically related indicate that the kidney is taken from the family member. The genetically un-related is a person who is not related with patients any way. Procedure of kidney transplant Before going to the surgery, the patient is undergone complete anaesthesia. Thereafter, the kidney should be ready for the transplant.  The kidney ...

Glomerular filtration is define as proess of extracting water and solutes from the blood and form urine. Glomerular filtration rate is 90-120 ml/min approx. The rate at which glomerular filtration occur is called glomerular filtration rate. There are many factors that affect glomerular filtration rate that are listed below. Quantity of blood flow  Glomerular filtration is directly proportional to amount of blood enter in glomerulus. Approx. 1.3 liter of blood pass through glomerulus each minute. When blood flow rises it increases glomerular filtration rate. It means more blood enter in glomerulus, more substance get filter out. Systemic arterial pressure  Systemic arterial pressure is define as pressure exerted by blood on blood vessels. Normal arterial blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. When it rises glomerular filtration rate increases. On low arterial blood pressure, GFR decreases. Hormonal influence  Anti-diuretic hormone and atrial natriuretic hormon...