Cardiovascular System

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Cardiovascular System 

Cardiovascular system is consist of heart, blood and blood vessels. The main function of heart is to pump the blood to all body parts. Blood is vital fluid-carrying essential nutrients to the body.

Heart receive blood from body by inferior and superior vena cava comes from veins. It then goes to lungs from left ventricle for oxygenation of blood. From lungs, two pairs of pulmonary artery provide blood to left atrium which is oxygen-rich. Left ventricle pump blood to all body parts.

Body receives blood using oxygen and nutrients from the blood. It then enter in veins go again in heart.

Heart is main organ of the cardiovascular system. Blood is pump out from heart via aorta to various blood vessels of the body.


Structure and location of heart


Heart is located in between the lung space called mediastinum. The size of heart is of ones fist of approx. 12 cm long, 9 cm in broad and 6 cm thick. It is of cone shaped directly towards in lungs. 

Heart is covered by pericardium layer, which prevent heart from external blows, injury and infections. Pericardium allow heart to move while pumping blood and keep heart at place. 


Chambers of the heart 

There is right heart and left heart. Upper heart has two chambers and lower has two chambers.Atrium chambers are blood reciving chambers, and ventricles are blood pumping chambers.  

Upper chambers are right atrium and left atrium and lower compartment has right atrium and left ventricles. 

  • Right Atrium 

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from inferior and superior vena cava. It receive deoxygenated blood from all body veins. It receive blood and pass it to the right ventricle. 

  • Right Ventricle 

Right ventricle receive blood from right atrium by bicuspid valve. It pump blood to lungs for oxygenation. Lung remove carbon dioxide from blood and oxygen is entered in blood called oxygenation. Then, by pulmonary artery it send to left atrium. 

  • Left atrium

Left atrium receive blood from two pairs of pulmonary artery. It collect oxygenated blood passed it to the left ventricle. 

  • Left ventricle 

Left ventricle receive blood from left atrium by mitral valve. It collect blood and pump it to whole body parts by the aorta. Aorta is largest artery that supply blood to all body parts, tissues and cells. 


Heart Valves


There are four heart valves are present. Valves prevents the blood from flow backwards. It is like flap of tissues which open up during passing blood and closes when it finishes to prevent backflow. The valves present between atria and ventricles are called atrioventricular valve and between ventricle and arteries are called semilunar valves.

There are four heart valves are given below,


  • Bicupid valve 
Bicuspid valve is present between the right atrium and right ventricle. It prevent backflow of blood in right atrium.


  • Mitral valve 
Mitral valve is present in the left atrium and left ventricle. It prevent backflow of blood into left atrium.


  • Pulmonary valve 
Pulmonary valves are present in between right ventricle and pulmonary artery. It prevent backflow of blood when it pump to lungs.


  • Aortic valve 
Aortic valve is present within left ventricle and aorta. During pumping of blood to body, aortic valve is open after finishing it become closed so no blood should get back in ventricle.


Cardiac cycle

Cardiac cycle is the repeated sequential event that take place in each heart beat. Heart pump five liters of blood in one minute. It is occur through two phase atrial systole & diastole and ventricular systole & diastole.


Cardiac cycle begins with diastole (relaxation of heart muscle) to receive the blood. It involve receiving blood from body and lungs into atrium simultaneously entering into the ventricles via ventricular diastole. As soon as ventricular systole starts, valves get closed to prevent blood backflow. It then pump by blood via contraction of ventricles to body and towards lung. Again there will be ventricular diastole following atrial diastole (relaxation filling phase of atrias). Then again with atrial systole the blood is push into ventricles and cycle get repeated.


Conduction system of heart 


Conducting system of heart is production of electric signals in the heart which contract heart muscles. It is responsible for causing contraction and relaxation of heart muscles. SA (sinoatrial node) generate electrical impulses in the heart. It is located near the right atrium, which act like pacemaker to generate signals.

Conduction system is consist of SA node, followed with AV node, bundle of his and Purkinje fibers. Signals of SA node contract atrias which further pass on to atrioventricular node which pass signals to apex of ventricles via Purkinje fibers. Left and right ventricle is surrounded by Purkinje fibers which contract heart to pump blood.

Disturbance in conduction system result in arrhythmia (abnormal rhythm), tachycardia or bradycardia. Tachycardia is define as increased heartbeat and bradycardia is too slow heartbeat.


Cardiac output

Cardiac cycle is amount of blood pumped by left ventricles to all body parts in one minute. It can be amount of blood pumped by heart in one minute to all body parts. Normal cardiac output is 5 litre per minute. It is determined by stroke volume and pulse multiplication. Stroke volume is amount of blood pumped in each contraction of the ventricle for one minute. 

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