Respiratory Acidosis

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Respiratory Acidosis 

Respiratory acidosis is define as increase carbon dioxide level in the body due to respiratory failure to remove carbon dioxide.

It occurs when lungs are fails to remove all CO2 from body than the body cell forms. 

Excess carbon dioxide result in highly acidic environment causing breathing difficulty and multiple symptoms. 

Respiratory acidosis may be acute or chronc. Acute results from sudden abnormal functioning of lungs.

Chronic respiratory acidosis results from chronic pulmonary obstructive disease & secondary disorders.

Causes 


Respiratory acidosis occurs when body fails to remove all carbon dioxide that body cell produces. 

When elimination process get decreased from the body is decrease then carbon dioxide level increases. 


It causes lower ph and altered acid-base balance of respiratory system. 

  1. Drugs:- Narcotics, anesthetics, hypnotics, sedatives, depress the respiratory center sensitivity 
  2. CNS Trauma 
  3. Medullary injury 
  4. Impaired ventilatory drive 
  5. Chronic metabolic acidosis 
  6. Lung disease 
  7. COPD 
  8. Asthma 
  9. Bronchitis 
  10. Pneumonia 
  11. Neuromuscular disease 

Clinical manifestation 


Respiratory acidosis results in following signs, 

  • Breathlessness 

High carbon dioxide level elevate acid level in body. It result in low oxygen supply causing breathlessnes. 

  • Shortness of breath 
Respiratory acidosis deceased oxygen sensitivity causing low oxygen consumption lead to shortness of breath.

  • Easy fatigue 
Due to low oxygen levels in body person get tired early.

  • Chronic cough 

Cough arise due to muscle spasm and low oxygen supply.

  • Wheezing 

Severe Respiratory acidosis results in irritation, confusion and lethergy. 

Increased CO² level provoke following,

  • Blood pressure 
Oxygen deprivation stimulate contraction of blood vessel to supply more oxygen molecule to body tissues. 
  • Pulse 
  • Repiratory rate 
Respiratory rate increases to compensate low oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from body.
  • Mental cloudines 
  • Feeling of fullness in head

A severe respiratory acidosis can put patient into anxiety and delirium.


Diagnostic evaluation 

Respiratory acidosis is diagnosed by following test:- 

  • Arterial blood gas 

It is a test by which level of carbon dioxide and oxygen in arterial blood is calculated. It indicate when co² level rises more than 45mmhg.

Based on the cause of respiratory acidosis further test performed are,


  • Pulmonary function test 
In this test, lung functioning is checked. It involve lung volume, capacity, rate of flow and how gas exchange take place.

  • Serum electrolyte level 
In this blood volume, other blood chemistry is evaluated for normal values.

  • CT Scan 
It is done to check structural changes, tumor, blockage in esp. Lung area.

  • MRI of brain 
It is done in severe respiratory acidosis to assess structure and function of brain cells. 
Severe hypoxia kills brain cells and decrease brain function.

  • ECG 
It is performed to check function of heart. 

Treatement 

Respiratory acidosis is manage by increasing oxygen consumption by improving aveolar hypoventilation.

Rugs used in respiratory acidosis are, 

  • Bronchodilators  
It is used to increased blood supply to tissues and cells during low oxygen state of body. It is given in breathing difficulty.

  • Antibiotics 
Antibiotics are given to decrease infection in body. It gives to kill microorganism, bacteria and viruses.

If patient is suffering severely then endotrachel tube, mechnical ventilation is performed.

  • Endotracheal tube 

It is a catheter inser into trachea to establish airway in lungs so oxygen and carbon dioxide exchnage take place properly. 


  • Mechanical ventilation

It is machine that maintain normal breathing if the person. It involve a long tube insert into trachea and by ventilator air is come in and out from lungs for proper exchange of gases.


  • Thrombolytic drug 

It is given when lungs tissues form blockage in lungs.


  • Anticonvulsants 

It is indicated in severe respiratory acidosis. When it could affect brain tissues.

Other supportive treatment involve,

  • Supplementary oxygen therapy 
It is given in mild respiratory acidosis in patient suffering from brethlessness and breathing difficulty.

  • Smoking cessation 
  • Dialysis to eliminate toxic waste 

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