Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptom Treatment Cause

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Rheumatic arthritis

Rheumatic heart disease is autoimmune disease in which bodys immune system attacks on self cells.

It occur because over a period of time constant cellular stimulation causes changes in structure that immune cell not recognized. 

It occur in old age person. Risk factor are smoking, alcohol, stomach irritants. 

Rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune disease majorly affecting joints of body. 

Common sites are hand, wrist and legs are involved. Complications are endocarditis, pericarditis and lung tissue inflammation.

What are causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis?


Rheumatoid arthritis is cause by following factors,

  • Genetic 
Most of cases are genetic. It involve tissue or cell changes which is recognized as foreign body by immune cell. It then result in Inflammation, swelling and immune reaction.

  • Smoking 
Smoking causes inflamation and tissue damage.

  • Age factor
Rheumatoid arthritis is seen in age above 45 to 50 years of age. 

  • Nutritious factor
It involve, high cholestrol food like meat, oily foods and over eating of junk food. It result in tissue damage and inflammation.

Low calcium level also provoke autoimmune reaction in the body.

  • Infection 
Long term chronic infection causes structural and functional changes. Chronic infection to joints result in immune reaction.

Other risk factors are, 

  • Diabetic mellitus 
Diabeic mellitus decrease glucose uptake and result in tissue and cell deteriotion. 

  • Traumatic injury 
  • Inflammatory diseases 
During chronic injury and inflammation changes in cellular protein layer. It identified as foreign particle resulting in severe immune reaction.

SYMPTOM OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS


Rheumatoid arthritis result in,

  • Pain in joint 
  • Chronic inflammation in leg, knee, at joint 
  • Swolling, tenderness over bone 
  • Difficulty in walking 
  • Decreased cognitive functions ex. Concentration, memmory 
  • Restricted activity 
  • Loss of function 
  • Redness on infected area 
  • Fatigue 
  • Malaise 
  • Loss of appetite 
  • Increased platelet count 
  • Weight reduction 
  • Morning pain 

Pathophysiology


Rheumatoid arthritis is slow process starting with continuous long term stimulation to cell and tissues. It lead to long term inflammation of cells.

Cellular activation is occurred via causative factor like smoking, alcohol, drug side effects etc. 

These factor first start immune abnormal reaction to own cell. It further causes severe continous inflammation to cells resulting in autoimmune reactions which then develop into rheumtoid arthritis.

Diagnosis


Rheumtoid arthritis is dignosed by, 

  • Complete blood count test 

In this test, rheumatic factor and antibodies were checked. Presence of both factor conclude immune reaction and inflammation.

  • Imaging test 
It involve MRI, X-ray to visualize bones structure and autoimmnue reactions.


Managememt 

There is no treatment available. Treatment is aim to reduce inflammation and progression of disease. Main goal is to prevent bone damage.

  • Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD’s)
DMARDS are given for chronic arthritis. It act very slowely take few months to visualize symptom. DMARD are of two type conventional and biological therapy. 

Conventional drugs of DMARD include azathioprine, leflunomide, gold injection, hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, sulfasalazine.

Biological therapy involves, tumor necrosis factor alpha blocking agent. It blocks TNF factor that causes inflammation of cells leading to cell death (necrosis). Drugs of TNF alpha-blocking agents are infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab. 

  • Analgesics
Anagesics are given to decrease pain during severe joint pain.

  • Physical therapy
It involve slow movement of joints to stimulate blood supply and normal movement. 

  • Benzodiazepines 
BD are sedative gives to relax muscles given to decrease the pain.

  • Anti-inflammattory drugs 
Antiinflammattory drugs decrease inflammation in joints. NSAID is aspirin, fenoprofen, Celecoxib, flurbiprofen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, diflunisal, indomethacin, ketorolac, meloxicam, oxaprozin, tolmetin. 

  • Neuromodulator agent use to decrease pain.
  • Immunosuopressants 
This drug suppress immune system to decrease inflammation. Commonly use drugs are mercaptopurine, azathioprine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and leflunomide.


Surgery

  • Synovectomy:- it is needed to prevent pain or tendon rupture when drug treatment fail.
  • Joint replacement surgery or knee replacement surgery
  • Physiotherapy is given :- it include heat application, electronic stimulation and hydrotherapy.
  • Low level laser therapy is recommended to kill certain cells mediating inflammatory reactions.

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