Pneumonia Cause Symptom Treatment Diagnosis
Pneumonia is defined as inflammation of alveoli characterized by productive cough, fever, chest pain and breathing difficutly.
Common causes of pneumonia are bacteria, virus and parasitic infection. It causes cell inflammation lead to form exudate and swelling over lung tissues. Risk factors of pneumonia are smoking, tobacco, alcohol, COPD, traum or injury to lung.
Most common signs of pneumonia are fever, productive cough and breathing difficulty. Sevier pneumonoa result in bloody sputum.
Pneumonia is diagnosed by sign and symptoms. Other diagnostic test are blood count test, CT scan and Chest x-ray.
It is managed by antibiotic drug, anipyretic and antiinflammattory medicines which aims to decrease lung infection. Supportive therapy include rest, fluid therapy and excercise help in recovering from pneumonia.
Pneumonia occur in four stages,
It lead to causing edema, exudate formation which decrease surface area for absorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Some bacteria and virus kills normal lung tissues.
It is characterized by fever, cough and sputum production.
In second stage lung tissues (alveoli) are filled with white blood cells such as neutrophils, erythrocyte and epithelial cells. It consist of cell debris occur during inflammation of cells.
In this stage, large amount of exudate formation occur which causes yellow sputum and elevated symptoms such as high fever and productive cough.
In this stage white blood cells are acting against bacteria or toxic substance. Patient suffer from ill symptoms. In this stage pneumonia is oocur.
Pneumonia is primarily diagnosed based on sign and symptoms. Other diagnostic test are,
It is done to check inflammation, swelling and tissue damage take place in the lung area. It is ised to visualize lung image to see extent of lung damage.
Doctor check breath sound through stethoscope example. Wheezing sound or crackling sound indicate lung infection.
It is done to check presence of infection in blood. It reveal via decrease wbc and platelet count indulging in pathogenesis.
It is used to measure oxygen level in the blood. Pneumonia causes hypoxia due to decrease oxygen consumption by alveoli cells.
In this test, patient is ask to cough up from lungs. This sputum is further investigate for infection and identification of bacteria.
This stage uses a needle to removed out fluid from lungs whichbis then investigate for identification of bacteria.
Pneumonia os managed by medicine therapy plus rest, exercise and fluid therapy.
It is given to decrease infection in the body.
Ex. Are azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin etc.
It involve giving aspirin to decrease fever.
It involve ibuprofen, naproxen and acetaminophen to decrease inflammation and swelling on lung tissues. Corticosteroids are combinely gives to improved cell and tissue healing.
It is used to dialate blood vessels to release more blood flow to lung tissues. It is given in chest pain. It use to give comfort to patients.
Analgesics were the pain killer gives to decrease high chest pain or abdomen pain.
This drugs are recommended to decrease congestion in nasal area.
It is given to increase and maintain oxygen level in the body.
Rest enhance blood flow in body. A patient in rest needs less oxygen and also feel fresh.
It include taking deep breath, couging up sputun to remove secretions. It include walking and taking fresh air. A physiotherapy is also recommended to patients to improve blood flow to lungs.
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Common causes of pneumonia are bacteria, virus and parasitic infection. It causes cell inflammation lead to form exudate and swelling over lung tissues. Risk factors of pneumonia are smoking, tobacco, alcohol, COPD, traum or injury to lung.
Most common signs of pneumonia are fever, productive cough and breathing difficulty. Sevier pneumonoa result in bloody sputum.
Pneumonia is diagnosed by sign and symptoms. Other diagnostic test are blood count test, CT scan and Chest x-ray.
It is managed by antibiotic drug, anipyretic and antiinflammattory medicines which aims to decrease lung infection. Supportive therapy include rest, fluid therapy and excercise help in recovering from pneumonia.
Causes of pneumonia
Pneumonia is primarily occur due to bacterial infection which damages lung tissues causing edema. There are more than 400 types of bacteria to cause pneumonia. It can also occur by fungi ans parasitic infection.
Other causes of pneumonia are,
- Weak immune system
People who has weak immunity are more prone to develop pnumonia due to less resistance to infection to grow. It causes rapid growth of bacteria lead to pnumonia.
- Autoimmune diseases
In autoimmune disease, person own body cells get attack and kill by own immune cell. When lung tissues get damage by own immune cell pneumonia occurs.
Risk factors are,
- Cigarette smoking
Cigarette smoke irritate lung tissues altering lung function. It further causes 0inflammation of lung parenchyma cells.
- Alcohol
Alcohol causes severe vasodilation which decrease lung alveoli functions. It increases risk of infection.
- Drug reaction
Drug reaction involve medicine side effects causing inflammation of alveoli.
- Aged person
Aged person has more risk of infection causing pneumonia.
- Asthma
Asthma is chracterized by breathing difficutly caused by allergic substances. It can provoke inflammation of lung tissues causing pneumonia.
- Air pollution
Air pollution involve inhaling various toxic and harmful substance through air which irritates tissues and cells can cause pneumonia.
- COPD
- Malnutrition
- Lung surgery
- Trauma to lungs
External trauma or injury to lung increase inflammation of lung. It causes lunf tissue damage and inflammation.
Symptoms
Pneumonia is chatacterized by productive cough with fever, shaking chills, breathing difficulty and chest pain.
Other symptoms are,
- High fever
Fever occurs due to increased immune reaction, inflammation and chemical reaction occur in body.
- Shortness of breath
It arise when alveoli get filled with exudate and swollen. It decreases tissue perfusion and oxygen consumption. It leads to cause shortness of breathing.
- Nausea and vomiting
Due to wide cough and sputum formation patient feel regurgitation. It causes nausea and increase urge to vomit.
- Bloody sputum
In severe anemia cases patient may vomit with blood.
- Increased rate of breathing
- Decreased consciousness
- Swollen lymph node
- Joint pain
- Diarrhea
Pathphysiology
Pneumonia is infection of lung occur due to bacterial invasion and multiplication. It causes swollen alveoli with exudate formation and inflammation.Pneumonia occur in four stages,
- First stage:-
When bacteria enter via air in lung tissues. It start multiplying. When it multiply it release toxin substance which activates immune system causing inflammation lung tissues.
It lead to causing edema, exudate formation which decrease surface area for absorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Some bacteria and virus kills normal lung tissues.
It is characterized by fever, cough and sputum production.
- Second stage
In second stage lung tissues (alveoli) are filled with white blood cells such as neutrophils, erythrocyte and epithelial cells. It consist of cell debris occur during inflammation of cells.
- Third stage
In this stage, large amount of exudate formation occur which causes yellow sputum and elevated symptoms such as high fever and productive cough.
- Fourth stage or final stage
In this stage white blood cells are acting against bacteria or toxic substance. Patient suffer from ill symptoms. In this stage pneumonia is oocur.
Diagnosis
Pneumonia is primarily diagnosed based on sign and symptoms. Other diagnostic test are,
- Chest X-ray
It is done to check inflammation, swelling and tissue damage take place in the lung area. It is ised to visualize lung image to see extent of lung damage.
- Listen lung sounds
Doctor check breath sound through stethoscope example. Wheezing sound or crackling sound indicate lung infection.
- Blood test
It is done to check presence of infection in blood. It reveal via decrease wbc and platelet count indulging in pathogenesis.
- Pulse oximetry
It is used to measure oxygen level in the blood. Pneumonia causes hypoxia due to decrease oxygen consumption by alveoli cells.
- Sputum test
In this test, patient is ask to cough up from lungs. This sputum is further investigate for infection and identification of bacteria.
- Pleural fluid culture
This stage uses a needle to removed out fluid from lungs whichbis then investigate for identification of bacteria.
Treatment
Pneumonia os managed by medicine therapy plus rest, exercise and fluid therapy.
- Antibiotics
It is given to decrease infection in the body.
Ex. Are azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin etc.
- Antipyretic treatment
It involve giving aspirin to decrease fever.
- Anti-inflammattory drug
It involve ibuprofen, naproxen and acetaminophen to decrease inflammation and swelling on lung tissues. Corticosteroids are combinely gives to improved cell and tissue healing.
- Bronchodilator
It is used to dialate blood vessels to release more blood flow to lung tissues. It is given in chest pain. It use to give comfort to patients.
- Analgesic
Analgesics were the pain killer gives to decrease high chest pain or abdomen pain.
This drugs are recommended to decrease congestion in nasal area.
- Oxygen therapy (Nebulizer)
It is given to increase and maintain oxygen level in the body.
- Antitussive therapy
It is used to suppress cough formation it act on cough cells and decrease their production. It is used in short term cough.
- Rest
Rest enhance blood flow in body. A patient in rest needs less oxygen and also feel fresh.
- Breathing exercise
It include taking deep breath, couging up sputun to remove secretions. It include walking and taking fresh air. A physiotherapy is also recommended to patients to improve blood flow to lungs.
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