Nephrotic Syndrome Meaning Causes Symptom
Nephrotic syndrome is collection of symptom arise due to kidney glomeruli inflammation. In nephrotic syndrome, inflammation of glomerulus occur after that glomerulus become extra permeable to substances such as protein, lipid and fluids. It is also called as proteinuria, hyperlipidemia. It causes swelling, fluid retention which further obstruct the normal kidney function.
Nephrotic syndrome symptoms are protein loss in urine (proteinuria), loss of lipid in urine, foammy urine, increased fatigue and weakness, fluid retention and swellin in leg. It is caused by inflammation of glomeruli caused due to infection to glomerulus such as bacteria, viruses. It also occur due to trauma, injury, to kidney, over load on kidney etc. It can result in deep vein thrombosis, acute kidney failure and hypertension.
Causes
The primary cause of nephrotic syndrome is inflammation of glomeruli. It occur as bacterial infection and trauma to kidney. In nephrotic syndrome, inflammation of glomeruli result in increased permeability to various substances causing disturbed filtration process. It is characterized by a various symptom such as proteinurea, swelling and inflammation.
Other causative factor of nephrotic syndrome are,
- Bacterial infection
Bacterial infection include streptococcal or staphylococcal infection. Bacteria causing inflammation of glomeruli causing immune response such as inflammation and swelling. It lead to proteinuria lead to nephrotic syndrome. Other infections are HIV, hepatitis etc.
- Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels of nephrons)
Vasculitis is defined as inflammation of blood vessels induced by own immune system in autoimmune disease. In vasculitis, immune cells mistakenly attack on own body cells causing inflammation lead to impairment and damage of glomeruli.
- High protein in the diet
When protein level in the diet increases more than the threshold limit of filtration it leads to causing proteinuria. Elevation of protein in blood lead to loose it which further causes sodium retention lead to swelling and edema.
Hypervolemia is define as high fluid volume present in the body. It result in increasing afterload on kidney function lead to abnormal kidney function.
- Iatrogenic effect (overuse of medicines)
Multiple-use of medicine result in impairing kidney function. Kidney fails to filter out drugs and it lead to inflammation of glomerular cells.
- High blood pressure
High blood pressure causes severe vasoconstriction which increased permeability and risk of inflammation. Long term high blood pressure result in damaging glomerular cells and capillaries.
Diabetic Mellitus is a condition of high blood sugar level in the body. It causes glycosuria, it also causes sodium retention which leads to swelling, edema.
- Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of glomerular nephrons)
Glomerulonephritis is defined as inflammation of glomerular nephrons. It is caused by autoimmune disease, infection, and injury to glomerular cells. It can lead to proteinuria, swelling resulting in nephrotic syndrome.
Nephrotic syndrome symptoms
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria (loss of protein in urine), hyperlipidemia (high lipid in urine) and edema in leg and face. It is diagnosed by protein loss and hyperlipidemia and oliuria.
Nephrotic syndrome symptoms:-- Proteinuria (protein loss in urine)
Proteinuria is state of loss of protein in urine. It is occurred as a loss of protein molecule from urine due to impaired permeability of glomerulus.
- Edema in legs
Edema occur in legs due to increased sodium retention which retain fluid in body. Edema is commonly seen in leg and face.
- Hyperlipidemia
Hyperlipidemia is define as loss of lipid in urine.
- Fatigue
Fatigue is tiredness occur even in moderate exercise.
- Oliguria
Oliguria is decreased urine output in the body less than 400-500 ml in 24 hours. It occurs due to the disturbed function of the kidney.
Other symptoms are,
- Pulmonary edema
- Puffiness around eyes
- Dyspnea
- Generalized edema
- Tachycardia
Diagnosis
- Complete blood count test
- Urine test
- Kidney biopsy
It involves the removal of glomerular cells and tissues by removing fluid by a needle. Sample is then examines for presence of infection, normal cell structure and function.
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Nephrotic syndrome is treated with antibiotic therapy, diuretic therapy, and antihypertensive therapy. It also involves diet therapy of sodium restriction to prevent excessive swelling and inflammation.
Medicine used in nephrotic syndrome is,
Angiotensin-converting enzyme decreases the blood pressure by decreasing fluid volume. It reduces proteinuria (loss of proteins in the urine) due to low blood pressure.
Medicine used in nephrotic syndrome is,
- Diuretics
Diuretics are given to reduce blood pressure, fluid overload on kidney. It also decreases edema and swelling by promoting urination. Ex. Lasix
- Antibiotics
Antibiotics were given to decrease infection in the body by killing growth of bacteria.
- Corticosteroids
It is given in severe inflammation of the glomerulus. Corticosteroids improves swelling and promotes new growth of cells.
- Immunosuppressants
Immunosuppressants are group of drugs use to decrease immune response from the body such as inflammation, swelling. It decreases infectious activity in the body.
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme decreases the blood pressure by decreasing fluid volume. It reduces proteinuria (loss of proteins in the urine) due to low blood pressure.
- Anti-coagulant
Anticoagulant is a medicine used to dissolve the blood clot and to prevent further clot formation. Examples are heparin and warfarin etc.
- Diet restriction
Sodium rich diet increases water retention resulting in swelling and edema. Diet therapy include restricting sodium diet in the body. High protein diet is recommended depend on individual patient protein loss.
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