Menstrual Cycle Phases
Menstrual cycle is the cyclic changes occur in female after puberty. It start after puberty, called menarche at the age of 13 yr approximately. The onset of menstrual cycle is menarche and cessation of menstrual cycle is called menopause.
Menstrual cycle is regular changes occur in female reproductive system. In this, women produce one ovum, and if pregnancy does not happen then menstruation take place with loss of blood and damage endometrial cells and tissue. Life span of menstrual cycle is 45 to 55 years of age. Cessation of menstrual cycle is called as menopause.
Menstrual cycle is affected by many factors, such as climate, stress, cultural influence, biological factors, illness, medical treatment. The menstrual cycle is a 28-day cycle of the 4 phases that occur simultaneously in ovary & uterus.
Menstruation is discharge of blood and mucosal tissues consist of cell debris and endometrial tissues to outside body through the vagina. 35 ml of blood with damaged endometrial cells and tissues are expelled out in the period. The day of the bleeding is considered as first of the next menstrual cycle.
How Menstruation occur?
The estrogen and progesterone level decreases from the body, which cause less blood supply to the endometrial layer. It undergoes vasoconstriction, involution, hypoxia, and necrosis of the cells. Decrease estrogen and progesterone level promote abdominal contraction. The contraction of the abdominal cavity leads to expelled out the menstrual flow to outside. It occurs after luteal phase of menstrual cycle.
Proliferative phase is start after menstruation, it involve repairing of damage endometrial cells that get lost during bleeding. The proliferation of cells and tissues is done for preparation of ovulation. It take place for 5 to 14 days.
Follicular phase is process of converting the immature follicles into the matured follicles. The primary follicle undergoes multiple changes in 14 days after it become mature it is ready for ovulation.
Ovulation is the discharge of ovum in the abdomen for the purpose of fertilization and pregnancy. Ovum is active for 48 hours for fertilization sexual intercourse during ovulation period lead to pregnancy.
Ovulation occur after 14th day of menstrual cycle. If ovum gets fertilized by sperm then it changes to zygote and implanted in the uterus. If ovum is not fertilized is getting out in next menstruation.
Ovulation process:- The graffian follicles ruptures fluid came out & the external layer is break. The ovum is discharged in the abdominal cavity enter in a fallopian tube by the fimbriated end.
The secretory phase and luteal phase occurs simultaneously after 15 to 28th day of each cycle.
In luteal phase, corpus luteum develops. The corpus luteum is essential for maintaining pregnancy. Corpus luteum form progesterone hormone for carrying pregnancy. The corpus luteum present in pregnant mother for 3 to 4 months. It degenerates after placental development.
If pregnancy does not occur, then corpus luteum undergoes degeneration, Its cells become small in size called Corpus Albicans. Then it gets degenerates by the luteolysis. If the pregnancy does not occur then the menstruation occur and new cycle will start.
The secretory phase is the preparatory phase of pregnancy. It prepares uterus for implantation of the zygote. Then the zygote starts growing & further change takes place accordingly.
Menstrual cycle is regular changes occur in female reproductive system. In this, women produce one ovum, and if pregnancy does not happen then menstruation take place with loss of blood and damage endometrial cells and tissue. Life span of menstrual cycle is 45 to 55 years of age. Cessation of menstrual cycle is called as menopause.
Menstrual cycle is affected by many factors, such as climate, stress, cultural influence, biological factors, illness, medical treatment. The menstrual cycle is a 28-day cycle of the 4 phases that occur simultaneously in ovary & uterus.
Menstruation (in first five days)
Proliferative and follicular phase ( 5-14 )
Ovulation ( 14th day)
Secretory and luteal phase (14-28th day)
Menstruation
How Menstruation occur?
The estrogen and progesterone level decreases from the body, which cause less blood supply to the endometrial layer. It undergoes vasoconstriction, involution, hypoxia, and necrosis of the cells. Decrease estrogen and progesterone level promote abdominal contraction. The contraction of the abdominal cavity leads to expelled out the menstrual flow to outside. It occurs after luteal phase of menstrual cycle.
Proliferative & Follicular Phase
- Proliferative phase
Proliferative phase is start after menstruation, it involve repairing of damage endometrial cells that get lost during bleeding. The proliferation of cells and tissues is done for preparation of ovulation. It take place for 5 to 14 days.
- Follicular phase :-
Follicular phase is process of converting the immature follicles into the matured follicles. The primary follicle undergoes multiple changes in 14 days after it become mature it is ready for ovulation.
Ovulation
Ovulation occur after 14th day of menstrual cycle. If ovum gets fertilized by sperm then it changes to zygote and implanted in the uterus. If ovum is not fertilized is getting out in next menstruation.
Ovulation process:- The graffian follicles ruptures fluid came out & the external layer is break. The ovum is discharged in the abdominal cavity enter in a fallopian tube by the fimbriated end.
Secretory phase and luteal phase:-
The secretory phase and luteal phase occurs simultaneously after 15 to 28th day of each cycle.
- Luteal phase:-
In luteal phase, corpus luteum develops. The corpus luteum is essential for maintaining pregnancy. Corpus luteum form progesterone hormone for carrying pregnancy. The corpus luteum present in pregnant mother for 3 to 4 months. It degenerates after placental development.
If pregnancy does not occur, then corpus luteum undergoes degeneration, Its cells become small in size called Corpus Albicans. Then it gets degenerates by the luteolysis. If the pregnancy does not occur then the menstruation occur and new cycle will start.
- Secretory phase
The secretory phase is the preparatory phase of pregnancy. It prepares uterus for implantation of the zygote. Then the zygote starts growing & further change takes place accordingly.
Health effects
Menstrual cycle involves many body changes, physiological change, hormonal alteration. It lead to experience series of sign and symptoms. Common health effect during menstruation are,
- Abdominal cramps
Abdominal cramps are occur during ovulation and menstration phase. It is increased sevierly during abnormal menses.
- Increased CNS action
Due to higher level of hormone progesterone body CNS system get stimulated which result in restlessness, anxiety and small convulsions.
- Mood swings
Females suffer from mood swings such as sudden happiness, feeling of sadness and depression. It occur due to sudden alteration in hormone synthesis. Mood swings also effect on emotional and social life of person.
- Low libido
Females also result in decreasing sexual drive during the menstrual cycle.
Other signs of menstrual cycle signs are,
- Painful cramps
- High hormone level
- Seizure
- Hormonal imbalance
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