Medical Study

Placenta previa mean formation of placenta at lower uterine area near to cervix. It refer as antepartum hemorrhage. It leads to higher dark colored bleeding, because placenta is located near cervix. Types Based on location of placenta over cervix is classified as, Low-lying placenta previa :- Placenta is located near cervix is called low-lying placenta previa. Marginal placenta previa :- Placenta forms on marginal part of cervix about 1 to 2 cm. Incomplete or partial placenta previa :- When placenta partially covers placenta is called partial placenta previa. Central or total placenta previa :- When placenta completely covers cervix is called as cental placenta previa. Symptom Placenta previa result in sevier painless bleeding of dark colored urine. Blood is directly out via cervix. What causes placenta previa? There is no specific cause of placenta previa is present. Causes are,  Upper uterine area is not suitable for growth of placen...

Spermatogenesis is process of forming sperm or spermatozoa. It take place in seminiferous tubule of testis. It starts after the puberty. It starts from the cells of the seminiferous tubule called spermatogonial stem cells. Cells of seminiferous tubule undergoes mitosis to form sperm cell, called Spermatogonial stem cells, then undergo changes to form two primary spermatocyte. Then via meiosis I primary spermatocyte develop into secondary spermatocyte. Secondary spermatocyte are divide into four equal spermatids by meiosis II. The spermatid four are transformed into the mature spermatozoa by the process of spermatogenesis and achieved maturation. It is  called as sperm cells or mature spermatozoa. Spermatogenesis is similar to the process of oogenesis in females. It take place after the puberty and continues till the death of person. It take 70 days to occur spermatogenesis completely. Spermatogenesis take place as Spermatogonium cells – primary spermatocytes – secondary spe...

Hysterectomy is define as removal of uterus with or without of ovaries and fallopian tube. It is indicated in severe abdominal pain, in condition like uterine metriosis, uterine cancer. It also involve removal of cervix called as oophorectomy, fallopian tube (salpingectomy) and surrounding structures It is performed by gynecologist. It is recommended only if none of treatment is beneficial. Technique Hysterectomy is performed in following three ways, Abdominal hysterectomy Abdominal hysterectomy involve making incision on pubic bone to remove uterus. It has less risks and recovery time is 3 to 4 weeks. Vaginal hysterectomy Vaginal hysterectomy involve removal of uterus by vagina. It has good rate of recovery and has less hospital stay. Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy Laprascopic assisted  vaginal hysterectomy involve introduction of laprascope in vagina then uterus is removed. This procedure is less invasive and has good reco...

Cervix is located behind the vagina then open into uterus. It is called cervical cancer, cancer of cervix. Cancer develop when mucosal cell of cervix grows in abnormal and uncontrolled manner. Cervical cancer occurs due to human papillomavirus infection which provoke development of cancer cells. Other risk factors are smoking, alcohol, drug abuse, teenage sex or having multiple sexual partner. It is characterized by high vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse & pain in pelvis. Cancer cell of cervix has ability to invade and spread bacteria to other part of body. It is managed by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy and surgical treatment. Cause Cervical cancer causes are, Human papillomavirus (HMP) Human papillomavirus is common bacterial infection occur to females. It can cause cervical cancer. Early sexual activity Female who perform sex before puberty lead to damage normal cervix cell and tissue. It increases chances of...

Childbirth is typically occur by vaginal delivery. It occur in three stages, first stage is cervical dilation and opening of cervix, second is descent of baby & delivery & third is placental expulsion. Fourth stage is of postpartum period, it is also called as involution period. Labor is also called as childbirth, delivery and parturition.  It occur in three stages. Normal labor last for 12 to 24 houres to birth. Labor is a process through which  baby comes out from uterine area either by vaginal delivery or cesarean section. First Stage of labor First stage labor starts with mild abdominal contraction continue for 12 to 18 hour. Intensity and frequency of contraction increases with time.  First stage follow complete dilation of the cervical area. It is also called as cervical ripening. It begin with dilatation of cervix. It end with fully dilated cervix up to 10 centimeter. Early labor Early labor mean initiation of labor. In this la...

Menstrual Problems  Menstrual problem is a problem that arises due to menstrual abnormality. In this, women suffer from menstrual disorder dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome. Dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual cramps characterized by intense abdominal pain and cramps. It is a common menstrual problem. In this females suffer from abdominal pain before 2 days of menstruation and 2 days after menstruation. Dysmenorrhea occurs due to endometrial cell damage and hormonal imbalance occur in the body. It is seen in females who smoke, use of alcohol and drug Symptoms of dysmenorrhea are,  Abdominal cramps and pain  Bloating Bloating is define as excess fluid and gas accumulation in the abdominal area. It causes uncomfort, uneasy pain to females. Flank pain  Flank pain is refer as pain that occur above abdominal area causing patient uncomfortable. Dysmenorrhea is managed by, Menstrual pain in...

Menstrual cycle is the cyclic changes occur in female after puberty. It start after puberty, called menarche at the age of 13 yr approximately. The onset of menstrual cycle is menarche and cessation of menstrual cycle is called menopause. Menstrual cycle is regular changes occur in female reproductive system. In this, women produce one ovum, and if pregnancy does not happen then menstruation take place with loss of blood and damage endometrial cells and tissue. Life span of menstrual cycle is 45 to 55 years of age. Cessation of menstrual cycle is called as menopause. Menstrual cycle is affected by many factors, such as climate, stress, cultural influence, biological factors, illness, medical treatment. The menstrual cycle is a 28-day cycle of the 4 phases that occur simultaneously in ovary & uterus. Menstruation (in first five days) Proliferative and follicular phase ( 5-14 ) Ovulation ( 14th day) Secretory and luteal phase (14-28th day) Menstruation  ...