Spina Bifida Symptom Type Cause Treatment

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Spina Bifida


Spina bifida is a neural tube disorder, of spinal cord is not closed properly. It further protruded out from skin to form a swelling or tumor over body surface. Most common sign of Spina bifida are lower back, middle back and rarely in neck areas. It is occur by both genetic and environmental cause. Risk factors include family history, epilepsy, diabetic mellitus and obesity.

Spina bifida is a congenital disorder lead to failure in proper closing of spinal cord. It affects nervous system vastly if not treated early. It results in decreasing cognitive functions of brain. It also results in low decreased body growth, hair loss, and low learning ability.

Spina bifida is diagnosed either before birth or after birth. Before birth, it is diagnosed by various test such as amniocentesis, ultrasonography and blood test etc. After birth, physical protrudation of skin layer in tumor form is result as spina bifida. Spina bifida is closed by surgical procedure. Supportive treatment involves iron and folic acid supplement.


Types


There are three types of spina bifida,

  • Spina bifida occulta


Spina bifida occulta is spinal cord protrusion not extended out from skin. It is covered by skin which is not visible in body. Signs of spina bifida are loose bladder control and urinary incontinence.


  • Closed neural tube defect


Closed neural tube defect is spinal cord protrusion is hidden by extra fat layer and meconium.  It is characterized by swollen area, growth of hair at site. In closed neural tube defect patient has bowel disturbance. It is diagnosed by X-ray, MRI and blood test.


  • Spina bifida manifests


Spina bifida manifesta is sevier form of spina bifida. It is characterized by decrease cognitive function, walking problem, child is not able to stand and loose bladder control. There are two major type are spina bifida meninocele and spina bifida myelomeningocele.

  • Spina bifida meningocele


Spina bifida meningocele is type of spinal cord is pushed outside of normal spinal cord structure, which breaks nervous system structure. It causes problems in walking, standing and exercise.



  • Spina bifida myelomeningocele


Spina bifida myelomeningocele is protrusion of spinal cord causing spasm formation. It lead to form scar at the spinal cord which obstruct in neuronal transmission and decrease nervous response from body..


Cause of Spina Bifida


There is no known cause of spina bifida. Studies shows that it is occur in injury during pregnancy, genetic, nutritional deficiencies such as folate deficiency.

  • Folate deficiency

Folate is essential element cell growth and reproduction. Folate deficiency in pregnancy decreases 
growth of normal cells in body.

  • Family history of neural tube defects


Previous birth with spina bifida increases risk of reoccurance in next birth.


  • Side effect and overdose of medicines

High use of medicine alters metabolic and immune response of body. It adversely effect on the cellular 
growth and development. ex. seizure, nsaid etc.

  • Trauma during pregnancy

Female suffer from direct trauma or injury to baby increases chances of spina bifida.

  • Diabetes

  • Obesity

  • High blood pressure


Symptoms


Spina bifida has physical extra mass on back of body. It is referred as protrusion of spinal cord. Spina bifida meningocele & myelomeningocele can cause sevier symptoms due to involvement of nerve injury.

Common signs of spina bifida are,

  • Urinary incontinence

Urinary is inability to hold urine. It occur due to spinal cord changes.

  • Loose bladder control

  • Growth of hair at back on site of spina bifida

  • Learning difficulty

Learning difficulty involve decreased attention, concentration and memory of child. It also affect their IQ and behavior.

  • Fatigue

Sevier spina bifida symptoms are,

  • Standing and walking difficulty

When spina bifida damage spinal cord, patient is not able to stand and walk for long time.

  • Cognitive impairment

Cognitive impairment involve loose control over body muscles.

  • Leg paralysis

Due to nerve damage occur by spina bifida, body has not able to send neurons to leg causing acute leg paralysis.

  • Abnormal kidney function

  • Sevier back pain


Diagnosis


Spina bifida is diagnosed before and after birth. Before birth it is diagnosed by Ultrasonography, amniocentesis and blood test. In blood high level of alpha-fetoprotein increase chance of spina bifida. It further diagnoses by ultrasonography through which protrusion is seen in X-ray picture. After birth, it is diagnosed by physical protrusion occur on spinal cord.


Spina Bifida Treatment


Spina bifida is treated in two ways,

  • Before birth

If spina bifida gets diagnosed in 4 to 5 months than diet therapy and iron and folic acid supplement decrease risk of spina bifida.

  • After birth

After birth involve surgical closure of the protrouded area at spina cord. It is performed to prevent neuronal damage and nervous disorder.

  • Medication

Medicine given in Spina bifida are antibiotic, folic acid supplements. Folic acid increases cell growth and development. Antibiotic therapy reduces the chances of meningitis, encephalitis and other bacterial infections.

  • Vocational therapy

Physical therapy is given to child to developed resistance against physical liability. Occupational therapy is given in child with neurological deficits.


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